A History Of Ethnical Convergence History Essay Free Essays

string(102) and to sell them at a set financial incentive for the enthusiasm of monetary points of interest ( Thompson 35 ) . Numerous archeologists, researchers, and bookmans concur that soonest beginnings of world semen from Africa. Solid, disarranging flows, an inadequacy of common seaports, and wild occasional conditions environing South Africa made the endeavor of traveling its beach somewhat hard for ocean fairing civilisations ; this other than left the nation for the most part in confinement from the rest of the universe. The individuals of South Africa lived in run of the mill gatherings and nations and with various ways of life, however a considerable lot of them had comparative phonetic interchanges and offices of continuance. We will compose a custom paper test on A History Of Ethnical Convergence History Essay or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now At the point when Europeans showed up and settled in South Africa, its one time confined and constrained social populace was the entirety of the abrupt opened up to completely various races of individuals. The social populaces and developments of South Africa have changed significantly from the beginning of time, especially in light of the impact of European state. Gay sapiens, present day universes, have lived in the Southern Africa for around one hundred millenary. By the clasp â€Å" of the Christian age, human networks had lived in Southern Africa by runing, angling, and roll uping food workss for a large number of mature ages † ( Thompson 6 ) . These individuals were the Khoikhoi and San. Together, they were known as the Khoisan, however they were independent and run of the mill society. They lived and made due by discernable yet mixed ways of life. Populating in the most waterless of nations, the San made due by exploiting their milieus and lived as tracker finders. Their people group and lives were based around their portability as they needed to travel ceaselessly all through the twelvemonth to happen supplement. They took with them only what they could ship and care for. Regularly, seniors were abandoned when they could no longer think about themselves, and angels and different children were slaughtered on the grounds that there was little to think about them with ( Thompson 9 ) . Toward the West of the South Africa ‘s 20 inch precipitation line, the Khoikhoi were swarming sheep and cowss where they could occur and guarantee equivalent croping nations. They were like the tracker finders hereditarily and in the way that their lives, unreasonably, were based around portability. To the E of the 20 inch precipitation line, individuals lived as various husbandmans. They grouped sheep and cowss however next to developed harvests. They lived in additionally enduring unassuming communities during the twelvemonth and had a more grounded, more unpredictable political framework than that of the Khoikhoi or the San. They talked the Bantu semantic correspondence and â€Å" were the ascendants of the main part of tenants of contemporary Southern Africa † ( Thompson 10 ) . At the point when Europeans started to explore and topographic point bases in the nation, they knew the tracker finders as Bushmen, the H erders as Hottentots, and the various husbandmans as Kaffirs ( Thompson 10 ) . All through the 15 century, Lusitanian seamans were exploring farther and further along the western coastline of Africa. In 1487, Bartholomeu Dias ‘ drove an undertaking of two caravels, minimal Portuguese marine vass, and adjusted the Cape promontory in the main part of a tempest ; they so voyaged another 300 and 40 detail mis along the southern coastline before cruising back to Lisbon. Ten mature ages hence, Vasco de Gama drove a two twelvemonth Lusitanian undertaking that adjusted the Cape, cruised along the eastern coastline to Malindi ( now known as Mombasa ) , thus crossed the Indian Ocean to Calicut, India. He returned place with solitary two of his four boats ( Thompson 31 ) . All through the sixteenth century, the Lusitanian specialists sent one-year armadas around the Cape of Good Hope into the Indian Ocean and crushed the Arab transportation they experienced in the Indian Ocean. At last, they started to go astray transportation from the antediluvian Persian Gulf and Red Sea exchanging ways to the pelagic ways around the Cape ( Thompson 32 ) . In the mid seventeenth century, a Dutch group destroyed along the southern beach of Africa and they stayed there for the winter until they were safeguarded. The undermentioned twelvemonth in 1652, the Dutch East India Company made a propping station in Table Bay called Cape Town to flexibly new H2O, veggies, and meat to go throughing ships and to move other than as an emergency clinic/resting topographic point for wiped out crewmans ( â€Å" South Africa History † ) . The Cape station was non proposed to do a net gain, however the disbursals of removal were planned to be kept at a lower limit ( Thompson 33 ) . Under thorough guidelines that the nearby individuals were non to be subjugated, Jan new wave Riebeek, boss of the Cape, mentioned that Asiatic slaves would be imported to the station to make the horticulture required to gracefully for go throughing ships and to build a post. Slaves did non ge t in Cape Town for another five mature ages and the station ‘s solitary slaves were stowaways and those given to them by ships go throughing by ; in this way, South Africa ‘s entry into an incredible multiracial land started ( â€Å" South Africa Timeline 3 † ) . The individuals of Cape Town exchanged with Khoikhoi people groups, referred to the white homesteaders as Hottentots, for cowss and sheep, and the nearby individuals got talented in bargaining for European metals and â€Å" natural structure adornments † ( â€Å" Thompson 37 † ) . Van Riebeek utilized Autsumao, leader of the Goringhaikonas and referred to the Dutch as Herry, as a transcriber for these exchanges ( â€Å" South Africa Timeline 3 † ) . As the Dutch settlement kept on putting claims towards southwesterly Africa, the Khoikhoi had to hold up under the unforeseen test that the Dutch attack introduced them. The settlers ‘ dealingss with the Khoikhoi people groups quickly deteriorated into busting and fighting ( â€Å" South African History † ) ; in 1653, Autsumao killed the homesteaders ‘ cowss herder and left with about the entireness of the pioneers ‘ crowd. Autsumao returned mature ages in this manner, being acknowledged go in to Cape Town, and was non rebuffed for his activities ( â€Å" South Africa Timeline 3 † ) . In 1657, the Dutch East Company discharged nine workers, known as free burgesss, from their agreements and designated them twenty-section of land landholdings at Rondebosch six detail mis south of Table Bay to deliver grains and veggies and to sell them at a set financial incentive for the enthusiasm of monetary points of interest ( Thompson 35 ) . You read A History Of Ethnical Convergence History Essay in class Exposition models Using the Dutch hypothetical record of agribusiness, the free burgesss attempted futile to cultivate and work the terrains, yet they did not have the achievements and grown-up male force vital for the occupation. After the organization â€Å" imported one boatload of slaves from Dahomey and another boatload of Angolan slaves † in 1658, the Cape settlement turned into a slave dependant state ( Thompson 36 ) . As the settlement went into the 1700 ‘s, its free burgess, retainer, and crush one’s spirit populace developed and started to build up its ain development and structure. Among the province ‘s populace, homesteaders originated from the lower classes of â€Å" Hierarchical Dutch [ and ] German culture † and Huguenots flying the Protestant mistreatment from France. By 1711, its slaves were unmistakably more army than the free burgesss and originated from topographic focuses like Mozambique, Madagascar, Indonesia, India and Sri Lanka ( Thompson 36 ) . In the undermentioned team of mature ages, a flare-up European sicknesses, for example, little syphilis, which South Africa ‘s autochthonal individuals had little to no vaccination against, came about in â€Å" pragmatic obliteration of the south-western Cape Khoikhoi † populace and the expires of a one-fourth of the European populace ( â€Å" South Africa Timeline 4 † ) . A midcentury nose tall y of the Cape indicated that a greater part of the settlement ‘s Asiatic slaves were engaged around and its captives of African plunge were discovered all the more regularly chipping away at the distant, limit line ranches. The Asiatic slaves made a craftsman class ; they carried with them their Islamic confidence and had a tremendous result on the working classification of South Africa ( â€Å" South Africa History † ) . As the settlement ventured into the 1770 ‘s it pushed its limit line to the Algoa Bay and Graaf-Reinet. The husbandmans of these remote domains were the primary homesteader to come into contact with the AmaXhosa ; when the settlement stretched out its range again to the Upper Fish and Bushmen waterways, a progression of â€Å" hostile to provincial † wars with the AmaXhosa started. A significant number of the Khoikhoi battled with their goals of certainty to the white husbandmans, who they complied, and to the Xhosa, who had just acknowled ged arranged Khoikhoi into their chiefdoms ( Thompson 50 ) . The Xhosa and Khoikhoi raid and ambush the peripheral homesteads, executing individuals, taking livestock, and destructing effects. Numerous husbandmans relinquished their territory however along these lines fought back by puting up two officers that followed the Xhosa over into their ain land. The officer exploited the Xhosa ‘s split chiefdoms and utilized hocus-pocus to break separated the Xhosa chiefdoms. These assaults and occasions have been composed â€Å" down in history as the First War of Dispossession † ( â€Å" South Africa Timeline 4 † ) . In the ulterior segment of the twelvemonth 1795, the British caught the Cape from the Dutch, and however the Dutch guideline was quickly reestablished in the mid 1800 ‘s, this at long last denoted the terminal of the Dutch Cape settlement and the start of t

AN OUTLINE AND CRITICAL ASSESSMENT FOR FINANCIAL ARTICLE 2 Essay

AN OUTLINE AND CRITICAL ASSESSMENT FOR FINANCIAL ARTICLE 2 - Essay Example Subject Statement and reason: To build up the incredible discouragements obligation collapse hypothesis factually and hypothetically. B. Proposal Statement Reaction 1. Extraordinary ends new and significant II. Depiction of the article A. Uncommon ends 1. Cycle hypothesis 2. Obligation and emptying jobs 3. The 1929-33 collapse 4. Obligation starters B. Outlines 1. Charts III. Assessment A. association of the article B. style utilized in the article C. Adequacy of the work D. Theme treatment E. suppositions of the writer about the crowd Critical Assessment The article entitled â€Å"The Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions† created by Irving Fisher tries to introduce a hypothesis of obligation emptying of the extraordinary melancholy in a factual and hypothetical way. The paper reaches determinations esteemed as being extraordinary, new, and significant and targets indicating what a portion of these ends are and furthermore fitting them in the finishes of different unders tudies found in the field of financial matters. The reason for the creator is to offer his work as encapsulating on the subject of cycle hypothesis. Fisher (1933: p 337) catches a response to the postulation by referencing the response remark of two of the best and most-read experts in financial aspects field. Outstanding amongst other read specialists depicted the unique ends as being significant and new. The creator chooses the point structure in introducing the extraordinary ends. ... It is just in the psyche or creative mind where the factors can just stay stable and be kept in equalization or balance by powers of interest and flexibly. Financial hypothesis contains an investigation of dis-harmony and fanciful balance. Dis-balance continues in either a real authentic case or any constituent inclination. The old tenacious idea of business cycle being a straightforward and self producing cycle is a fantasy Innumerable propensities for financial dis-harmony generally characterized under pattern or development inclinations, erratic unsettling influences, and repetitive inclinations. Sorts of Cyclical propensities incorporate one being constrained on monetary system and the other is the free cycle The value level infection and the obligation malady are viewed as the most significant causes in the blasts and despondencies than the various causes. Over-hypothesis and over-speculation are significant however would have far less serious outcomes if not directed utilizing acquired cash. 2. Obligation and collapse jobs Secondary factors influenced by flattening and obligation are circling media, obligations, their dissemination speed, total assets, value levels, benefits, exchange, financing costs, and business certainty. Obligation liquidation prompts trouble selling and store money compression causing a fall in value levels. Aside from the enthusiasm on obligations and obligation, different changes come to fruition because of abatement or fall in value Deflation happening for another explanation separated from obligation results to a significantly less abhorrent Deflation brought about by obligation responds on the obligation 3 The 1929-33 flattening A case of obligation emptying melancholy Unless a balancing cause is acquired to forestall the lessening in the value level, sorrows, for example, that

This Particular [T-] REX Tuesday

This Particular [T-] REX Tuesday The young kids are now the age I thought I’d be when I thought I’d be old (I’m not): the people running REX events are the people REX was for when I ran REX events (still not). This year I get to experience R[esidence] EX[ploration Period]  again (including the herculean task of scheduling my day)â€"but not from the freshman side and not from the other side. A few days ago I had a lot of fun chilling with a few of you at Giant Stuff at Simmons (along with some torso-sized bowling pins and a handful of giant cards). Today while my code is running I am continuing to observe and absorb my and your experiences and fun to compile a project that is very special to me. If you are an MIT freshman and you want to come hang out with me sometime today, here are some of the places you might find me (the black boxes and also the locations up above the times are where I plan to be (and I really hope I don’t have any of the times drawn on wrong (but I might (so double-check everything)))). (Note that the below doesn’t cover all of Tuesday’s events, or even all of the dorms that are hosting events on Tuesdayâ€"and it also isn’t how I would plan my own REX, were I to do it again or were I to do it on my lonesome. (When it comes to me, I probably would have spent my Saturday afternoon at Next House’s Lego Minifigure Hunt and the rest of my REX in my room playing with my Legos; when it comes to you, you should explore all of your new school’s dorms and interact with as wide a variety of your new classmates as you can.) It is, however, my very particular plan for this very particular Tuesday.) More Shenanigans @ EAsT camPUS Ever want to toss glitter off a three-story tall trebuchet? It will twinkle like the stars in the sky. all day Ride Our Rides @ EAsT camPUS Were continuing to make sure gravity still works. all day PAINT WAR!! @ New House Throw paint-filled balloons at your friends in this clash of colorsbut never surrender, on paint of death. For our fashion-forward frosh: never fear, ponchos will be provided! 12:30 2pm Jello Wrestling @ Burton-Conner Have you ever been wrestling and thought, this would be 33rd times better in jello? Nows your chance to prove yourself on the field of battle. 12:33 2pm Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream @ Random Hall Some like it hot; some like it sub-zero. 12:47 1:47pm Hair Dyeing @ EAsT camPUS Weve been dyeing your hair for days, and well keep dyeing it now. It will be a whole semester until your parents find out! 12:30 5pm Ice Cream Extravaganza @ McCormick Cool down with Toscininis, Bostons best ice cream, and our famous homemade fudge! 2:30 3:30pm Water War Prep @ MacGregor “Aye, fight and you may get wet. Run and youll stay dry at least a while.”  -William Wallace 12:30 5:30pm FOR THE GLORY OF THE MOTHERSPONGE! @ Simmons COME ONE, COME ALL, AND MARCH FOR THE GLORY OF THE MOTHERSPONGE! (to the water war that is, trojan duck included) 2:30 5:45pm Chalking and Playground Games @ McCormick Our pathway looks really plain right now. Use your artistic skills to help us make it pretty! If youve already met with your adviser, come and join us in playing some of our favorite childhood games. 4 5:30pm Renaissance Fair @ Maseeh   4 8pm Next Big Thing: Big Flipper @ Next House Anyone can flip burgers on a grill, but at Next House we flip you. Introducing the Big Flipper, a ride that swings you upside down, ten feet in the air! We guarantee youll be head-over-heels for this Next Big Thing. 11am 6pm The Paint War @ Next House Think your friend would look better as a redhead? Attack your friends with paint while helping Next House prepare for the Water War. 5pm onward Marshmallow Engineering @ New House What will you build with ridiculous quantities of marshmallows? Fully edible construction materials await you! 5 7pm Build your own nuclear wasteland settlement @ New House Desmond is psyched for Fallout 4 this November, and since it features MIT were going to do a bit of a recreation. Come build your own wasteland settlement out of materials scavenged from a wasteland! (The wasteland of the campus waste stream, that is.) While youre there, learn about real shanty towns and sustainable living from iHouse, because in our neck of the woods having fun means being a better person too. all day WATER WAR @ Killian Court Take part in the epic battle that is the official East vs. West Side WATER WAR! Pick a dorm. Pledge your loyalty to it. Construct weapons, shields, and all varieties of water bearing and water hurling contraptions (not to mention balloons). Then march to Killian Court by 5:45pm, trash talk the other side, DOUSE YOUR ENEMIES and have a good time. Which side will claim VICTORY?! 5:45 6pm Toilet Paper Dodgeball @ Burton-Conner Dodgeball with toilet paper rolls. Messy, but fun. 6 7pm Wall Destruction @ East Campus The Accomplishment Wall [flashback: Do you secretly want to tell your new friends about your perfect SAT scores or All-American status, but dont want to seem like a braggart? Come write it on our accomplishment wall, and be eternally (but anonymously) scorned. The wall will be here all week.] reaches its triumphant conclusion! Help us celebrate with sledgehammers and (immensely satisfying) destruction. 6:30 7pm Marshmallow Fight!!! @ MacGregor Shoot people with Marshmallows with H Entry, then eat your ammo. What more could you want in life? 6:30 8pm SIMFEST! @ Simmons Scooter Hockey Powerpoint Karaoke Resistance Minute To Win It MAFIA! Mahjong Tilemasters Henna Tattoos Gatas After Dinner Emboss like a Boss Dinos, Dramatic Music, and DIY Ice Cream Decorating Rainbow Cookies Card Games Cupcake roulette 2nd Annual Swagfest Battle of the Fakes Space Team and Screaming Water War How to Microwave   7 9pm Nerf Chess @ Random Hall You know what chess needs more of? NERF GUNS! Shoot your opponent to make it your turn. Guaranteed to be cognitive overload. 7:47 9:47pm Post Tagged #REX

Individual Communications Mechanism and Human Rights - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2844 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Tags: Human Rights Essay Did you like this example? International Human Rights Question 1 To assess whether individual communications can lead to the greater realisation of human rights, it is imperative to consider; the benefits which the individual communications mechanism (ICM) provides individuals with, a discussion of the shortfalls of the ICM and how other methods of monitoring and protecting human rights may overcome these issues. It shall be argued that the ICM, despite providing for greater access to human rights for individuals, cannot be a better hope for realising human rights than other methods of monitoring and protection. It is through individual complaints that human rights are given concrete meaning[1]. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Individual Communications Mechanism and Human Rights" essay for you Create order This statement reflects the purpose of the ICM which allows individuals to vindicate their rights at the international level[2] by making a claim to the body associated with the relevant treaty and allege a violation of their rights provided under that treaty[3]. Not all human rights treaties contain an ICM, but to the extent that it exists, it is monitored by a Committee empowered to make decisions upon complaints[4]. The ICM can be found in 4 main treaties; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights[5], the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women[6], the Convention on the on the Elimination of All Form of Racial Discrimination[7] and the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel or Degrading Treatment or Punishment[8]. The benefits of the ICM can clearly be seen. Firstly it provides an individual with a platform which is independent of influence and bias from their State of origin[9]. The ICM has a wide ambit and offers protectio n and standing to individuals not offered to them by their domestic courts[10]. By allowing more applicants to obtain access to international law, it empowers a greater amount of individuals to assert their rights over their State and therefore changing the nature of enforcement of International rights to make it more personalised than it previously was[11]. Additionally, by empowering individuals to bring forward their own claims, theres no need for reliance upon third party approval to make claims on their behalf such as NGOs. By allowing individuals to bring their own claims, the ICM provides greater access to human rights remedies and strengthens the human rights system as individuals wont need to depend upon third parties to protect their rights. Furthermore a State will be less likely to infringe upon rights if theyll be held accountable by numerous individuals. This empowered of individuals by the ICM appears to be a step in the right. The main issues with the ICM can be s een in the requirements to bring a complaint. The State which the individual is domiciled in must be a party to the respective treaty and the individual must satisfy the locus standi and justiciability requirements (discussed below), Even if an individual satisfies these requirements, the case may be struck out by the committee as inadmissible with no appeals procedure[12]. If however an individual is successful in obtaining a decision in his favour, it doesnt necessarily mean itll be enforced as the Committee have considerably less power than that of the domestic courts[13]. Furthermore, remedies available to the Committee are limited. The Committee may make a public pronouncement of a breach denouncing the offending State[14], request the State amend the breach or award financial compensation[15]. It should be noted however that financial compensation is rarely used and isnt enforceable by domestic or international courts[16]. It has been suggested that ceding the Committees po wer to the municipal legal systems may allow for greater protection of human rights as the domestic courts would not only be more willing to uphold the rights being breached[17], but in a stronger position to do so, and therefore eliminate limitations of upholding rights at the international level. However its questionable if this is the most appropriate approach as the very nature of human rights is concerned with State infringement of rights, providing the domestic courts who are an arm of the State with such power is inappropriate. The ICM therefore has serious issues with enforcement (although the same could be said for international law in general) but it should also be noted most ICM cases are bought by NGOs[18], this further creates problems where a treaty doesnt allow third parties to bring cases on behalf of individuals, the individual may plead their case poorly or due to ignorance of procedural requirements, have their case declared inadmissible altogether. In this sense it can be argued that the ICM, by shifting too much power to the individual may deprive them of achieving sufficient protection of their rights. A look at the treaties which provide an ICM shows they have relatively similar requirements in regards to justiciability. The claimant must exhaust all domestic remedies[19] unless this requirement severely prejudices a claimant. An individual is also limited under the treaties from bringing a claim to multiple bodies to ensure effectiveness, consistency and clarity within the ICM process, it could be argued however that this restriction results in only a selection of rights being enforced rather than all of the individuals rights as a whole. Moreover, the treaties demand the individual is under the jurisdiction of a State party to the treaty which covers the breach, the State has to be a signatory and opted to be bound it[20]. This reflects the nature of the ICM which is state-centric[21], it is created by international actors to be used against States violating rights they awarded individuals. The State is central to the ICM and regrettably, this means that a State is very much in control of who may complain of a breach and of what[22]. The ICM is therefore limited by State influence which prevents the greater realisation of rights. Furthermore, the lack of domestic enforceability of the Committees decision puts the ICM under serious doubts[23]. The committees lack of effective remedies are limited, as mentioned above, to pronouncing the states liability in violating human rights[24]. It has been stated that the enforcement procedures used by the treaty bodies have had very limited demonstrable impact[25], as only 30% of replies from States display willingness to implement their views or offer remedy to victims[26]. The idea of the ICM was to allow individuals to complain against offending States but the restrictions placed upon the ICM result in a limited amount of rights being protected, the ICM does noth ing to address the underlying causes of the of the violations, merely providing remedies which are rarely enforced does nothing to bring about true protection by altering a States practise[27]. It has become evident from the discussion above, the main issues the ICM faces is of enforcement and remedies. Although the ICM has some benefits particularly owing to the ability to assert rights at an international level, the restrictions and influence placed upon the procedure by States prove to be too much of a hindrance. The alternative methods of monitoring and protecting human rights which shall be discussed below are not as limited as the ICM and can overcome some of the shortfalls of the procedure. State Reports State reports are arguably the most prevalent method used for the realisation of human rights[28]. The lack of enforcement faced by the ICM can be overcome through the use of State reports which States are obliged to submit at the Committees request[29] and allows th e Commission to monitor the implementation of International instruments[30]. Reports can be analysed and questions can be sent to the State with the intention of creating an open dialogue to resolve issues. State reports are regarded as very successful due to the publicity and attention they draw upon the offending State, which may result in international condemnation, although it is obvious some States are clearly more easily embarrassed (for example a State advocating rights compared to a State with a record of violations). State reports encourage implementation of rights and indirectly overcome enforcement issues faced by the ICM as even the drafting process allows States to reflect upon conformity with their obligations[31]. However this isnt to say that reports are without issue. Reports may arrive unusually late and vary in quality, theres also a lack of sanctions. Regardless, State reports are an effective method of monitoring and is often used as the only method to review co mpliance, this alone shows the confidence placed in this method by the Council. State to State accusations: Interstate complaints can overcome some shortfalls of the ICM. Several treaties provide for a State to make complaints to treaty bodies regarding violations by another State[32]. States are not limited by the same locus standi requirements of individuals[33] and are not bound by the same limitations as the ICM. This allows States to uphold rights within the treaties and bring claims against a violators. However it should be acknowledged that some States are reluctant, particularly for political reasons, to make accusations against other States[34]. This is not a problem for someone wishing to use the ICM. Furthermore States have no obligation to make accusations against offending States. The indirect implications is that this method of monitoring human rights should not be relied upon by individuals hoping for States to uphold their rights and the political issues of its use make it an unpopular option for States which is reflected in the rarity of its use[35]. The effectiveness of this method of enforcement stems from its use as a political force, whilst the ICM can be heavily influenced by the origin State, this method remains free from external influences and can rather serve as a deterrent. NGOs Nongovernmental Organisations (NGOs) monitor rights and pressure governments into implementing human rights principles[36] and monitoring procedures. Arguably, many of the monitoring procedures only exist today due to the persistent pressure and lobbying by NGOs[37]. In this sense NGOs shouldnt be understated as they can constantly pressure State parties and have been effective in doing so (for example NGOs have been fundamental to the development of standards such as womens rights by campaigning for the African Protocol on the Rights of Women[38]). NGOs are increasing in power and influence and this can be seen through the expansion of NGOs such as Amnesty International. This increasing influence can help to compliment the ICM as NGOs regularly offer direct assistance to individuals, and bring claims on their behalf (provided the relevant treaty allows third party complaints). The most compelling evidence for the increase in power of NGOs is seen from the increasing calls for accountability of NGOs[39]. It can be argued that NGOs provide a better hope for the greater realisation of human rights than the ICM as the increasing power of NGOs results in greater pressure being applied upon States, something which individuals (even when they have obtained decisions in their favour) cannot do, this in turn can lead to strengthening of the ICM. Reform: One of the main arguments for reforming the ICM is due to the procedural issues when considering a case, its estimated there are currently 500 cases awaiting consideration[40] with an average waiting time of 45 months from submission date the committee issuing findings[41]. In response to this issue and in regards to enforceability issues mentioned above, academic M Schmidt believes a permanent court or standing body with the power to adjudicate complaints should be created[42]. However the issue with this view is the nature of international rights, States are unlikely to approve and this may be a deterrent to ratify human rights instruments. Perhaps further education or advice should be granted to individuals as argued by Kjrum, as the main reason for high inadmissibility rates is due lack of understanding of the procedural requirements[43] by individuals. This essay sought to discuss whether the ICM could provide better compliance with human rights than other methods, the discussion above shows that although therere benefits to the ICM, the shortfalls are too great. Other methods of monitoring can overcome these shortfalls of the ICM and the natural response would be to attempt to integrate these methods, but perhaps allowing each method to grow indi vidually would the best way to ensure greater compliance with human rights law. [1] Ohchr, Human Rights Treaty Bodies Individual Communications (ohchr.org 2015) https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/TBPetitions/Pages/IndividualCommunications.aspx accessed 21 April 15 [2] Ibid. [3] A Bayefsky, How to Complain to the Un Human Rights Treaty System (1st, Kluwer Law International, Great Britain 2003) 33 [4] Alexandra R. Harrington, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Delayed Devotion: The Rise of Individual Complaint Mechanisms Within International Human Rights Treatiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, LEGAL STUDIES RESEARCH PAPER SERIES No. 17 of 2011-2012 available https://ssrn.com/abstract=1898673accessed 10 April 2015, 6. [5] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171 (ICCPR) [6] International Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Racial Discrimination (adopted 21 December 1965, entered into force 4 January 1969) (ICERD) [7] The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimina tion against Women (adoped 18 December 1979, entered into force 3 September 1981) (CEDAW) [8] Ibid, (n 3), p 4. [9] B Galligan, Rethinking Human Rights (1st, The Federation Press , Sydney 1997) 81 [10] Mireille G.E. Bijnsdorp, The Strength of the Optional Protocol to the United Nations Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Convention, 18 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 329 (2000), 337. [11] International Law Association, Committee on International Human Rights Law and Practice, Final Report on the Impact of Findings of the United Nations Human Rights Treaty Bodies (2004) where it was stated that the output of the treaty bodies had influenced the way many national courts interpret treaty provisions. [12] OPTIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS (1976); OPTIONAL PROTOCOL ON THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS (2008); INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION (1969); OPTIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN (2000); CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL, INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT (1987); INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF ALL MIGRANT WORKERS AND MEMBERS OF THEIR FAMILIES (2003); OPTIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES (2008). [13] Human Rights Committee General Comment 33: Obligations of State Parties under the Optional Protocol (2008), available: https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/comments.htm accessed 14 April 2015. [14] Wade M. Cole, When All Else Fails: International Adjudication of Human Rights Abuse Claims, 1976 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1999, 84 SOCIAL FORCES 1909 (2005 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2006) at 1911 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1912. [15] Ibid, (n 14) [16] ibid [17] Shotaro Hamamoto, An Undemocratic Guardian of Democracy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" International Human Rights Complaint Procedure, 38 VICTORI A U. WELLINGTON L. REV. 199 (2007), 200. [18] R Smith, Textbook on International Human Rights (5th, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014) 148 [19] A Kumar, Human Rights (1st, Sarup Sons, Delhi 2002) 99 [20] per Art 1of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: United Nations, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 23 May 1969,United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1155, p. 331,available: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3a10.htmlaccessed 4 April 2015. [21] A Harrington, DONà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢T MIND THE GAP: THE RISE OF INDIVIDUAL COMPLAINT MECHANISMS WITHIN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES [2012] DJCIL 153, 154 [22] Alexandra R. Harrington, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Delayed Devotion: The Rise of Individual Complaint Mechanisms Within International Human Rights Treatiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, LEGAL STUDIES RESEARCH PAPER SERIES No. 17 of 2011-2012 available https://ssrn.com/abstract=1898673accessed 15 April 2015, 28-29 [23] Mose and T. Opsahl, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Opti onal Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, (1981) 21 Santa Clara Law Review 271, 329à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"331; D. McGoldrick, The Human Rights Committee: Its Role in the Development of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, (2nd ed., Clarendon Press 1994), 202. [24] Ibid (n 21), 32. [25] Heyns F. Viljoen, The Impact of the United Nations Human Rights Treaties on the Domestic Level (Kluwer Law International 2002), 6. [26] UN GA, 57th Session. Report of the Human Rights Committee, 11 July 2002, UN Doc. /57/19, vol. I, Supp (No. 40),para. 225. In 2009 the HRC estimated thatthe figure still amounts to roughly 30 per cent; UN GA, 64th session. Report of the Human Rights Committee, UN Doc. A/64/40 (Vol. I) Supp. No. 40, paras. 230-236. [27] J Donnelly, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice (1st, Cornell University Press, USA 2003) 176 [28] R Smith, Textbook on International Human Rights (5th, Oxford U niversity Press, Oxford 2014) 154 [29] OHCHR, Human Rights Committee (ohchr.org ) https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CCPR/Pages/CCPRIndex.aspx accessed 15 April 1520 [30] R Murray, The African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights and International Law (1st, Hart, USA 2000) 16 [31] Ibid (n 27). [32] UNHR, Human Rights Bodies Complaints Procedures (ohchr.org ) https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/TBPetitions/Pages/HRTBPetitions.aspx#interstate accessed 15 April 2015 [33] Ibid (n 27) p 146. [34] Laboni Amena Hoq, The Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Convention and Its Optional Protocol: Empowering Women to Claim Their Internationally Protected Rights, 32 COLUM. HUM. RTS. L. REV. 677 (2000 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2001) at 685 [35] Ibid (n 27) p 155. [36] Humanrights, Human Rights Organizations (humanrights.com e.g. 2005) https://www.humanrights.com/voices-for-human-rights/human-rights-organizations/non-governmental.html accessed 15 April 2015 [37] G Alfredson, Internati onal Human Rights Monitoring Mechanisms (2nd, Koninklijke, Netherlands 2009) 680 [38] Recoomended textbook page 105 [39] S Joseph, Research Handbook on International Human Rights Law (1st, Edward Elgar Publishing, USA 2010) 133 [40] T Innes, A Critical Assessment of the UN Human Rights Treaty Body Systemsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Effectiveness (sjol.co.uk ) https://www.sjol.co.uk/issue-4/a-critical-assessment-of-the-un-human-rights-treaty-body-systems-effectiveness accessed 25/04/2015 [41] ibid [42] M G. Schmidt, Individual human rights complaints procedures based on United Nations treaties and the need for reform [1992] ICLQ 658, [43] KjÃÆ' ¦rum, Thematic Focus: The Treaty Body Complaint System, Human Rights Monitor Quarterly https://www.ishr.ch/document-stuff/browse-documents/doc_download/1069-the-treaty-body-complaint-system-hrmq3 accessed 15 April 2015

Stress in Nursing Practice - 780 Words

Stress is a common occurrence in the workplace. In health care in particular, there are high levels of stress which can have a negative impact on the environment, the staff, and ultimately the patients. Nurses are subjected to a great deal of occupational stress which in turn impacts the quality of patient care. Occupational stress can be defined as, â€Å"the destructive physical and emotional response that occurs when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities or desires of the employee† (Hall, 2004). The health care profession is unique in its ability to cause stress on its employees. Health care environments are fast-paced settings in which nurses and physicians are physically responsible for the well-being of other people†¦show more content†¦Other issues that were also identified as sources of stress included: the patient’s changing condition, workload, negative communication, salaries, and lack of teamwork (Hall, 2004). The identified stre ssors in the nursing work environment have a significant impact on the quality of care the patient’s receive. The stressors nurses are facing are causing a high turnover rate in an already nationwide shortage (Hall, 2004). Because of the stress, many nurses are seeking jobs that do not involve direct patient care which is intensifying the nursing shortage and making safety of patient care a serious issue (Hughes Clancy, 2009). With the combination of high stress levels among nurses and the lack of skilled nurses there is a high risk for error along with patient care which leads to potential legal exposure. Nurses are caring for other people’s lives and each decision made can affect that person in a positive or negative way. In today’s world, legal action is taken quite frequently, especially in the medical field. It is essential for nurses to be conscious of the stressors they are dealing with and how they are impacting the delivery of patient care. 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While this movement carries many benefits, it can at times be easy to forget about the challenges that healthcare providers can encounter. Students in particular may face manyRead MoreNurse Gould Is Experiencing Emotional And Psychological Stress Related Stress976 Words   |  4 Pages1) a. Nurse Gould is experiencing emotional and psychological stress related to her new position as an assistant director in an intensive care nursery. Nurse Gould is experiencing work related stress. Nurse Gould lacks practical experience in nursing. This places a great deal of stress on her as staff nurses do not believe that they can refer to her for assistance when it comes to issues related to nursing practice (Huber, 2014). Staff nurses do not seek her assistance because they doubt her abilities

Themed hotel Free Essays

Themed hotel has almost fifty years history. Since the first themed hotel was established in California by Madonna in 1958,it has been developed into on of the most typical theme hotels in America. Themed hotels can satisfy customer’s spiritual and emotional needs,it has been introduced in China in 2001 . We will write a custom essay sample on Themed hotel or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the following ten years many history related themed hotels have emerged. Len Holman hotels have become more and more competitive due to the lack In diversity. TLS dissertation selects many theme hotels both In China and other countries as case of successful application of experiential marketing to analysis and study,Len order to provide marketing strategies for the further development of the themed hotel In Holman. According to my research, I advice themed hotels In Human taking the following measures to ensure a more sustainable and prosperous future. Flirts,all faceless In hotel should be focused on the same theme. Second,hotels need to put emphasis on customers emotional needs. Told,alt Is very Important to let hotel staff understand the true meaning of the hotel theme and do whatever It takes to express he meaning of the theme during their service. Themed hotel has almost fifty years history. Since the first themed hotel was established in California by Madonna in 1958,it has been developed into on of the most typical theme hotels in America. Themed hotels can satisfy customers spiritual and emotional needs,it has been introduced in China in 2001 . During the following ten years many history related themed hotels have emerged. Len Hanna hotels have become more and more competitive due to the lack in diversity. This dissertation selects many theme hotels OTOH in China and other countries as case of successful application of experiential marketing to analysis and study,in order to provide marketing strategies for the further development of the themed hotel in Hanna. According to my research, I advice themed hotels in Hanna taking the following measures to ensure a more sustainable and prosperous future. First,all facilities in hotel should be focused on the same theme. Second,hotels need to put emphasis on customers emotional needs. Third,alt is very important to let hotel staff understand the true meaning of the tool theme and do whatever it takes to express the meaning of the theme during their service. BY Iroquois spiritual and emotional needs,it has been introduced in China in 2001 . During the following ten years many history related themed hotels have emerged. Len Hanna hotels have become more and more competitive due to the lack in diversity. This dissertation selects many theme hotels both in China and other countries as case of successful application of experiential marketing to analysis and study,in order to roved marketing strategies for the further development of the themed hotel in Hanna. According to my research, I advice themed hotels in Hanna taking the following measures to ensure a more sustainable and prosperous future. First,all facilities in hotel should be focused on the same theme. Second,hotels need to put emphasis on customers emotional needs. Third,alt is very important to let hotel staff understand the true meaning of the hotel theme and do whatever it takes to express Themed hotels can satisfy customer’s spiritual and emotional needs, How to cite Themed hotel, Papers

The Renaissance Period Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

The Renaissance Period Essay, Research Paper The Renaissance period is a metempsychosis of the civilized and artistic fairy of the classical epoch. It began in Italy in the fourteenth century, but did non come the England till the nineteenth century. John Donne and John Milton were two great Renaissance poets who incorporated many of the features of the Renaissance into their Poetry. While Donne s A Valediction: Forbiding Mourning displays a cardinal feature, a usage of amour propres ; Milton s Paradise Lost has more features of the Renaissance because it shows more Renascence characteristics viz. , a usage of classical theoretical accounts, a usage of an elevated literary manner and a usage of classical allusions. In A Valediction: Forbiding Mourning Donne uses many amour propres, for illustration ; his most celebrated amour propre is of the stiff twin compasses ( l:26 ) . He compares the compasses to the psyche of the adult male and the adult female. We will write a custom essay sample on The Renaissance Period Essay Research Paper The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The compass Donne is mentioning to is the sort person would utilize in geometry. The points may be far apart, but they are connected in the centre ( l:29 ) . The farther apart the points are, the more the compasses legs thin toward each other. She stays in one topographic point while he traces the way around, and every bit long as she remains house, he will return to the same topographic point he started from. Milton uses a Classical Model, which is the heroic poem, for the construction of his celebrated verse forms Paradise Lost. Eden Lost has many of the elements that define an heroic poem, which are: it is a long, narrative verse form ; it follows the feats of a hero or in this instance an anti-hero ; it involves warfare and the supernatural ; it begins in the thick of the action which is in medias RESs ; with earlier crises in the narrative brought in subsequently by flashback ; and it expresses all these elements utilizing an elevated literary manner. Proof of his elevated literary manner is his long complex sentences and his usage of heroic poem similes. The first 16 lines of this great heroic poem are one sentence. He besides uses heroic similes to make an image of snake pit in the readers mind. Milton s vision of snake pit is, A Dungeon atrocious, on all sides round/ As one great Furnace flam # 8217 ; vitamin D, yet from those flames/ No visible radiation, but instead darkness seeable ( i:61-3 ) . Milton besides uses classical allusions, for illustration ; he refers to Dante s Inferno ( iii:9 ) , when he says, hope neer comes ( i:66 ) . He do mention to Aonian saddle horse which is Mount Helicon, place of the Muses, in Greek mythology. He besides refers to Ariosto # 8217 ; s Orlando Furioso ( 1:2 ) when stating, Things unattempted yet in prose or rime ( i:16 ) . Donne and Milton both display the features of the Renaissance in their poesy. However it could be said that Milton s Paradise Lost is the better illustration of Renaissance poesy because it shows more of the features and manner of the Renaissance.

McKesson Global Strategy

Introduction The growth of McKesson Corporation in the pharmaceutical sector has been phenomenal. The growth and prosperity is associated with the management approach employed at McKesson. This report presents findings from a research on the firm’s strategies and operations. The aim of the research was to understand how McKesson responds to challenges and opportunities in the market.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on McKesson Global Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This report covers McKesson’s history, an analysis on the firm’s position in the industry using PESTEL and Porters five forces, then the challenges that the firms has to deal with. Finally, the report provides recommendation on the course of action to ensure the firm maintains its competitive edge in the pharmaceutical sector. History of McKesson It took McKesson Corporation many years to become one of the largest pharmaceu tical firms in the world (International Directory of Company Histories, 1988). John McKesson with the help of other partners pioneered the firm in 1833. The initial setup or company was known as Olcott McKesson (International Directory of Company Histories, 1988). Olcott McKesson had its operations in Manhattan; they operated as wholesale drug suppliers. Daniel Robbins was introduced as a member and in 1953; he was made a partner after the death of Olcott (International Directory of Company Histories, 1988). Eventually, the firm’s name was changed to McKesson Robbins. There followed many identification changes due to the tough beginning that the firm had. The firm experienced a tough beginning but the determination and iron will of McKesson steered the company through all challenges into a successful pharmaceutical company in US. The firm experienced uncertain development, which was characterized by change of ownership and brand name. In 1893, the firm was dealt the worst blow when McKesson died but still the heirs of the firm carried on the mantle. The 20th Century saw the firm grow from strength to strength as new product lines were opened such as food supplements, alcohol and chemical production among others. From 1980s to 1990s, McKesson settled on producing medical product and it divested the unrelated product lines (International Directory of Company Histories, 1988). McKesson chairperson Harlan whose motto was â€Å"any company that doesn’t stick to what it does best is inviting trouble† and that â€Å"anybody who doesn’t prepare lives in dreamland† (International Directory of Company Histories, 1988) engineered the decision. During this period, the firm acquired automated healthcare, HBO Co thus becoming the leading medical suppliers in US.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Currently, McKesson is ranked 14 with over $106.6 billion yearly revenue (International Directory of Company Histories, 1988). McKesson has gone global with branches in Ecuador, Italy, Lebanon Netherland, Taiwan and Thailand (International Directory of Company Histories, 1988). McKesson Strategic Challenges Besides its success story, McKesson has some underlying strategic challenges, which inhibit it from exploiting its full potential. The most intriguing challenge is lack of clear framework to cope with complexity of global operations. Secondly, the firm lacks capability to handle hi-tech human networks. Thirdly, technology in the pharmaceutical industry is always changing and the company has to keep abreast. Fourthly, as the firm spreads its wings, the challenge of meeting international clients’ needs satisfactorily arises. Looking at the array of challenges, unless something is done to avert the effects of the challenges McKesson will find it difficult to contest in the global market. However, to understa nd how well McKesson can respond to the challenges, an analysis of the pharmaceutical industry is vital. PESTEL Analysis A PESTEL analysis comes in handy when looking at the macro factors affecting an organization. PESTEL is an Acronym for Political, Environmental, Social, Technological, and Economic and Legal forces. Therefore, a PESTEL analysis consists in looking into the effects of each of the factors on the operations of an organization. Political Factors McKesson being a US based firm, it enjoys a stable political environment based on democratic foundations or principles. However, having internationalized, success is dependent on how the firm negotiates through murky international political waters. For McKesson to enjoy continued prosperity it has to adhere to each specific government in host country’s policy and rules. Since McKesson is an international firm it is important to evaluate the tax policy assumed by the government, Labor law, trade restrictions and other ta riffs. In addition, McKesson has to respond and always prepare to either ride on or guard against negative effects of bilateral political decisions in the international arena.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on McKesson Global Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Economic Factors Economic factors that affect firms are closely linked to the natures and trends policies adopted by governments. Economical factors, which influence the operations McKesson, include the economic growth rate of nations, interest rates and price fluctuations. Although the US is an economic powerhouse, global economic changes and financial crisis have not spared it and their effects have been devastating. The other factor that has shaped the operation of the corporation is the fluctuating exchange rates and the tax rates imposed by various countries (Gillespie, 2007, p.12). Consequently, the management of McKesson is monitoring the chan ges in the cost of factors of production such as labor and raw materials. Depending on the changes, the Corporation may decide to outsource some raw materials from countries with low cost of production to gain low cost leadership. Social Factors McKesson enjoys the benefits of diverse cultural base that makes up the US. The cultural diversity in the uses provides an edge or benefits to the company in its endeavor to appeal to the global market. Bearing in mind that all individuals are susceptible to illness, McKesson boasts of ready market for its product in US and across the boundaries. The indiscriminating need for pharmaceutical products across cultures and social cohorts enables the corporation to reap steady revenues across various age groups and diverse markets niches. The demand for pharmaceutical products is price inelastic and therefore the firm profit margins are not affected by changes in prices. In fact, price increase for drugs means that the revenue generated by the co mpany increases, the same is the case when epidemics outbreaks occur because sale volumes increase. Best et al (2005, p.5) stresses the importance of evaluating demographic trends to regulate the firms production levels to gratify the market demand. Technological factors Technology is one of the major factors affecting the diversification and the scope of a firm’s prosperity. Embracing the right technology strategically arms the firm with the suitable tools for international competition. McKesson use technology to produce superior qualities compared to those of its competitors.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Williams Green (1997, p. 165) emphasizes the need for innovation and automation of its production and communication systems. While Best et al (2005, p.9) highlight the need for embracing telecommunication since it is indispensable for any global business. In addition, they emphasized the need for need for devising new product as well as new distribution mechanisms (Best et al, 2005, p.9). Managing hundreds of chain branches is a cumbersome task, but this problem has been contained by adoption of Management Information System (MIS) which gearshifts the operations of the vast firm. Furthermore, developing customer touch requires an efficient system, which facilitates a mutual interaction with its customers. McKesson has built an online query and customer desk to serve customers throughout the day (International Directory of Company Histories, 1988). This technology has also led to changes in advertisement strategies, many firms have resorted to the new media ads that are more influen tial and have a wider scope. Environmental factors Modern manufacturing are faced with various environmental regulation imposed by the government pertaining global warming and treatment of waste products. McKesson being a manufacturing firm is obligated to comply with environmental policies to reduce pollution and treatment of waste products (Choucri, 1995, p.221). As part of corporate social responsibility, McKesson ensures it complies with the international environmental regulations in an attempt to preserve clean and healthy environment. Failure to adhere to international standards may force the government force the firm to terminate operations (Choucri, 1995, p.221). However, McKesson enjoy less taxation for emission since its operation is associated with less chlorofluorocarbon that is a major cause of global warming. Legal Factors All corporations are governed by the Corporation Acts, which are designed to control the action of all business organization. Legal factors influenc e the corporation wage rates, age discrimination and laws controlling child labor (Choucri, 1995, p.224). The operations of McKesson are controlled by changes in laws controlling drug production and sales policies. Some drugs are prohibited from open shelf sales and therefore new distribution methods are devised such as agency and opening pharmacies. The competition law influences the operation of large corporations from exploiting small firms because of their monopolistic influences (Lamb, 2009, p.89). In addition, all corporations are obliged to act in accordance with consumer laws. Consumer laws protects consumer from unwarranted acts of the corporation such as hoarding, production of counterfeit products and deceptive descriptions of the commodities (Lamb, 2009, p.89). McKesson management looks into it that all legal factors are held fast to avoid any collision with the government law enforcers. Current External Environment McKesson quest to embrace an international image has ex posed the firm to a new environment with diverse challenges. However, the universality of its products provides an amble penetration into new market niches. Similarly, epidemics transcend geographical boundaries making it possible for a single drug type to be applicable in many countries. Nevertheless, spreading out to a wide region exposes the firm to new competitive forces. International environment is an arena for the best players in the sector, such solid competition calls for production of superior products and taking up the modern technology. Giber (2009, p.175) echoes that the prevailing challenges have forced the management to embark on educating the firms staff to exercise professionalism towards peak performance. McKesson offers a broad range of services and assistance to enhance realization of customers’ uttermost utility (International Directory of Company Histories, 1988). An in-depth drug knowledge and intense awareness of the hospital practices as well as opera tion flow present McKesson with a unique tool for international competition. The nature of the competition has strategically fueled the firm’s ambition to become the best and to streamline operation and management. Currently, the organization has decentralized some operations, for example, marketing and production have been distributed to various countries while activities like finance controls, and technological planning and strategic arrangement are centralized at the headquarters (Giber, 2009, p.174). Porter’s Five Forces Model McKesson has adopted a sustainable international strategy, which is aimed at competing effectively in the market with other pharmaceutical players. The sustainability of the firm’s strategy is best understood in the context of Porter’s Five Forces Model. Threat of New Entrants The pharmaceutical sector is one of the economic sectors with a high rate of turnover. The stable demand for pharmaceuticals and the emergence of new dise ases has attracted many players into the sector. McKesson faces stiff competition from new entrants into the sector both from within the US and international market despite being Multinational Corporation. Pharmaceutical industries have no barriers of entry or exit. Considering a relative low cost of entrance, potential firms find it easier to construct a drug-producing firm than launching hard mechanical engineering plant. Most governments have liberalized the pharmaceutical industry so long as firms’ comply with the health standards and international drug standards put in place. In international market, McKesson struggles to overwhelm the locally established brands in their local markets. Although, McKesson boasts of economies of scales in production, many new entrants in the industry enjoy local loyalty. To surmount the ever-increasing competition, McKesson reacts by staging price wars because it enjoys economies of scale. The other alternative that has favored McKesson is its established brand name thanks to its rich historical background and its ability to develop proprietary competitive advantage (Henry, 2008, p.70). The power of Buyers Gillespie (2007, p.11) points out that consumers’ bargaining power is a pivotal tool that acts against the objective of the firm to maximize profits. Consumer bargaining powers’ reduces prices and consequently the profit margins of every firm; existence of large-scale buyers dictates prices because firms rely heaving on their purchases. However, McKesson pools various categories of customers, large-scale buyers and small-scale consumers. Inability of McKesson to lock-in its customers has adversely affected the firm’s profit margins as customers switch to new drug suppliers. However, the firm’s knowledge Information officers are devising mechanisms to retain customer loyalty by trying to lock-in their customers. The other way that McKesson is winning customer trust is through investing in research, which has resulted to generation of superior products and better customer relationship. Ireland et al (2007, p.96) suggest that proper differentiation can solve the challenge presented because it makes customers less sensitive to prices and promotes their loyalty. The Power of Suppliers Just like the corporations, suppliers’ aims at maximizing profits. To achieve their inherent goals, suppliers bargains for higher prices for their supplies hence reducing the firm’s profit margins. Henry (2008, p.79) portrays the ability of the supplier to switch from one buyer to the other increase their bargaining power forcing buyers to comply with their terms and conditions. Such a move reduces increases the firms’ production costs hence reducing the profits margin (Gillespie, 2007, p.11). To cope with suppliers pressure McKesson relies with a wide range of supplies thus reducing the power of suppliers. Furthermore, the company’s financial ability has made i t possible to engage in mergers both horizontally and vertically. The other stronghold of McKesson is because it has diversified its scope by opening international braches, which acts as reliable pool for cheap supplies. With all its underlying potential and watertight management system, McKesson has a promising future because it will overcome current challenges. Competition from existing Firms The greatest challenge that faces McKesson is stiff completion from established multinationals firms such as Owens Minor Inc New, Cardinal Health Inc, AmerisourceBergen Corp and other foreign firms such as GlaxoSmithscline Inc (International Directory of Company Histories, 1988). The state of competition is heightened by their financial abilities and in-depth research that they practice. The other area of rivalry is their ability to adopt the latest state-of-the art for their production and management systems. Mergers and acquisition is also another area of interest to the existing multinati onals firms, each firm cherish in diversification in order to diminish risk. On top of this, McKesson is concentrating in development of superior quality and designing a reliable customer service link to enhance brand royalty. Substitute threat Pharmaceutical industry faces a great deal of challenge from the substitute products. Many people prefer using food supplements at the expense of medicines because of their associated side effects. In developing countries, people prefer using traditional medicines, which comprises of herbs and roots or other locally produced drugs. High prices of pharmaceutical products discourages many little income earners this compels them to seek for alternative medication services (Floyd, 1997, p.97). However, pharmaceutical sectors have few substitutes therefore this is good news for the McKesson Corporation. Besides there being few the few substitutes, this is no reason to undermine their impact on shaping the economy; hence, McKesson needs to ensure t hat it produces some low priced drugs to target the poor and the middle class consumers. Generic Strategies The three generic strategies that McKesson can employ to its advantage are segmentation strategy, differentiation strategy and cost leadership. Wright et al (1990, p.21) suggest that combination of more than one of these strategies is more successful. Nonetheless, they admit that it is more cumbersome to integrate them. Market segmentation According each firm in an attractive industry often is faced with stiff completion and as a result, there is need to carry out a market research, which is aimed at obtaining requirements of the market. Market segmentation helps the firm to produce consumer tailored products. Apart from meeting the consumer test and preferences the organization stand a better chance of understanding the best method of carrying out market promotion. McKesson has done market segmentation for its products; a separate distribution channel, to ensure competence, s erves each market niche. This criterion has proved to be very successful for the McKesson especially while entering into a new market. In 2008, McKesson carried out a market survey to analyze the local market condition to determine the potential and ways of satisfying consumer needs (Scott, 2009). A successful market differentiation does not only guarantee smooth entry but also help to discern the logistics most appropriate for the firm. Cost Leadership Stiff competition prevailing in international market has yielded to the price wars. Each firms struggle to assume market leadership by increasing the number of customers and developing the corporation brand name. Besides price being a traditional strategic tool, its relevance in modern business operation is still significant. However, the applicability of this strategy is increasingly becoming insignificant because of high production costs (Ireland et al, 2007, p.100). McKesson still use price leadership as part of its competitive to ol. This has been successful because the firm is able to acquire cheaper raw material by merging or absorbing the Suppliers. The other factor that has made this possible is the ability to transfer labor from one country to the other. Wage rates in England are six times that of Brazil and ten times the wage rate of India. By mobilizing labor mobility, McKesson ensure low cost leadership and overall command in the pharmaceutical industry. Product Differentiation Wright, et al (1990, p.23) stress the significance of differentiating products especially in segments which are less price-sensitive. The market characterized by distinct customer needs, which are easily satisfied if organizations produce goods that respond directly to the diversity. McKesson has weaved product differentiation as a key grand strategy that delivers its competitive edge. Differentiation is successful tool because the intellectual property rights such as patents protect it. However, some competitors come up with closely related products, which mean consumers are cheated into purchasing the counterfeit products. It is worth noting that product differentiation is an expensive venture, the high cost and time involved discourages firms from doing it. Urgent issues to be addressed Due to the stiff competition facing the McKesson Corporation, the management should be zealous to cope with it. There are many issues hindering realization of its full potential. However, McKesson is obliged to focus on the following issues: Global market has complicated the operation of the Multinational Corporations such as the McKesson. This being the case, the firm should embrace the multifaceted global challenges and their impeding circumstances. McKesson has no option but to face the challenges in global market head on. The other intriguing challenge that hinders the smooth expansion of McKesson in global market is the complex political systems presented in foreign countries. Barriers of entry have remained issue s that need careful negotiation as well as conforming to the state rules that govern firms. Moreover, it is important McKesson to strike a balance between international bureaucracy and commodity product. Not only is competition becoming stronger for all corporations, but the scope of the competition is also changing with time. Competition is shaping up every time and firms have no option other than delivering superior products that adds consumer utility. The key success factor for excelling in international markets is knowledge accumulation and operation. For McKesson to assume market leadership it should use information acquired for its advantage. Although, McKesson is doing relatively well internationally, still much is expected to be done in order to cement its place as a Pharmaceutical powerhouse. Both technology and telecommunication are rapidly restructuring the competition, and influences the conduct and decisions about the operations of the firm. With adequate information sy stem, the McKesson stands a better chance of coping with the ever-emerging challenges. Designing the Information system should be all-inclusive, covering management, product and competitive strategy. A clearly structured information system harbors a vital success principle for McKesson international. Strategic Recommendation There are issues that the management at the firm has to consider in order to guarantee a great future. Considering the fast changing environment within which it operates, I recommend that McKesson should be vigilant and relentless in carrying out research to develop not only superior quality products but also add value to consumer service. The pharmaceuticals industry is technology driven. Technology is dynamic and very important when it comes to shaping up the competition, therefore McKesson should adopt new technology and discard obsolete one. In line with its internationalization strategy, McKesson should also embrace resource mobility in order to cut down pr oduction to augment low cost leadership. Further, the international market is more dynamic. Therefore, the management should benchmark their strategy to counteract the action by its main competitors in the sector. Moreover, to deal with local players and thus contain stiff competition prevailing in the market, McKesson’s management should embark on strengthening its brand name giving the firm a global outlook. Conclusion McKesson Corporation boasts of a rich history in the pharmaceutical industry and is currently ranked 14th in the Fortune list. Regardless of its prestigious position in global market, McKesson should earnestly act in response to the challenges presented by the global scope. The dynamic nature of the technology is worth paying attention to, to avoid losing its command in the market. Additionally, given the firm serves a global market, the significance of having reliable information system to control the operation of the firm cannot be overlooked. To maintain h igh levels of success, McKesson must develop organic processes that persistently evolve with the changing realities of the competitive modern. Unless the organization evolves as the world order changes, failure is imminent. References Best, N., Dalton, C., Walter, A., 2005. Integrated Management. Butterworth-Heinemann Publisher: Burlington. Choucri, N., 1995. Global Accord Environmental Challenges and International Responses. MIT Press: Massachusetts. Floyd, C., 1997. Managing technology for corporate success. Gower Publishing Ltd: Hampshire. Giber, D., 2009. Linkage Inc’s Best Practices in Leadership Development Handbook: Case Studies Instruments Training. Wiley Publisher: San Francisco. Gillespie, A., 2007. Foundations of Economics. Oxford University Press: New York. Henry, A., 2008. Understanding Strategic Management. Oxford University Press: New York. International Directory of Company Histories, 1988. McKesson Corporation. St. James Press. Web. Ireland, D., Hoskisson, R ., E., Hitt, M., A., 2008. Understanding Business Strategy: Concepts and Case. Cengage Learning: Press, Ohio. Lamb, C., W., Hair, J., F., McDaniel, C., 2009. Essentials of Marketing. Cengage Learning Press: Boulevard. Scott, A., 2009. Drug Topics. The News Magazine for Pharmacists. Web. Williams, T., Green, A., 1997. The Business Approach to Training. Cambridge University Press: Chester. Wright, P., Kroll, M., Kedia, B., and Pringle, C., 1990. Strategic Profiles, Market Share, and Business Performance. Industrial Management. Praeger Publisher: New Jersey. This report on McKesson Global Strategy was written and submitted by user Leonel Daniels to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Progressivism and its Effects essays

Progressivism and its Effects essays Progressivism was a period of American history in which improving working conditions, improving the way of life, exposing corruption, expanding democracy and making reforms was the main idea of this period. Many of the citizens granted and demanded a change in numerous areas such as business, labor, economy, consumers and an increase of democracy. The progressive period was marked with the arrival of three great presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson all three of these presidents fought for the common good of the people. Teddy Roosevelt was known as the "trust buster" and that is exactly what he did to help control big business. Many large corporations had complete control of the services that they were selling. Roosevelt went in to these companies and helped to stop this type of monopoly. The biggest trust that Roosevelt busted was the one involving Northern Securities and J.P. Morgan. Roosevelt was also a big supporter of labor he tried almost everything and anything to help the citizens of the United States. Teddy set up child protection laws, which were used to prevent children to work in factories, and it also reduced the amount of time they worked. Roosevelt also set up workman's compensation, which is a payment that employers had to pay employees who get injured on the job. President Wilson also tried to help and improve the conditions for workers he did this by adding and income tax. This type of income tax is called a progressive or graduated which would rise with the amount of money that a person makes. This really helped the poor because they were taxed less than big business men were. Wilson helped the economy by instituting a Federal Reserve Bank. This bank was a system in which there would be twelve federal reserve banks all throughout the country. All national banks were ...

Amazon Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Amazon - Case Study Example The operating cash flow for amazon increase to 31% to record $5.47 billion in the financial year ended December 2013 compared to $4.18 billion in the year 2012. For the net sales for the fourth quarter in year ended 2013, the company recorded a 20% increase that is equivalent to $25.59 billion compared to $21.27 billion in the financial year 2012 fourth quarter. The company in overall accrued a net sales of $74.45 billion in the financial year 2013 which was a 22% increase compared to $61.09 billion in the year 2012 ("Why Amazon Is A Lousy Business"). The company is divided into two segments that include; the North American segment and the international segment. The North American segment is involved in export sales from the www.amazon.ca and www.amazon.com, all of which are based in U.S. The international segment is involved in international websites that are involved in export sales to customers in Canada and U.S. from abroad (Amazon.com, Inc.). Jeff Bezos is an American entrepreneur and the founder of amazon.com and acts as the company’s chief executive. He was born in 1964 January 12th in Albuquerque in New Mexico. He studied in Princeton University where he was awarded a computer science and electrical engineering bachelor’s degree in 1986. He worked in several firms in Wall Street that included Bankers Trust, Fitel and lastly in D.E. Shaw investment firm where he was acknowledged as the youngest vice president in the year 1990. He later quit the job in 1994 to go to Seattle where he had seen an opportunity in internet market which by then was untapped market. Despite the successes that Bezos achieved after founding amazon.com, he was first faced with the challenge of marketing budget. He had to use word of mouth to make the business succeed and be recognized by many people. Another challenge he faced in his first years is the skepticism that people had about him. They saw him as a failure, someone who left a good job to start something

Serving Time in Virginia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Serving Time in Virginia - Essay Example Sir Edwin Sandys has tried to rebuild the Jamestown in three ways. He attracted the new investors by granting them the head rights for introducing and brining in new tenants. He grabbed the attention of new settlers by introducing lotteries. He tried to make the colony a more peaceful and pleasant place to settle down in by abolishing martial law. Citizens were extended the rights to select two members of the colony as their representatives or spokespersons. Even after the years of struggle and reconstruction, Jamestown was lacking a lot of attention. Citizens were legally enforced to grow corns. Insufficient food, arrival of unprepared settlers, inadequate housing facilities and presence of contaminated wells were becoming the reason of spreading disease. People were more interested in growing tobacco than corn despite food scarcity. This raised the question why Jamestown was still not self-sufficient despite the hard struggle. Another reason could be the transformation of Virginia into a boom country. The settlers discovered new innovative ways to produce more crops of tobacco. They also predicted that they could grow more tobacco crops only if they would have servants or peons taking care of their crops. This idea pinned the concept of slavery for the first time. The tenants gave fifty percent of their crops to plantation owners and worked for four to seven years in their fields. On the other hand, the servants worked with full commi tment and dedication in exchange for food, shelter and their passage from England. As a result, with the help of tenants and new laborers, colonists looked forward to become richer by producing more tobacco. Gradually, tobacco became the economic trademark of the colony. Serving Time in Virginia also raises some questions as to why slavery didn’t grow well during the time when labor was valued greatly. It is worth mentioning that only 5 percent of the Africans

Virtue Ethics And Deontology

Virtue Ethics And Deontology The purpose of this essay is to talk about virtue ethics, Deontology and I m going to talk about its meaning and how a person that practices, or have this kind of ethics system will act if he or she would be in a dilemma; it is important to remember that I am going to show this on the different ethics systems that I am going to talk about, and that Ill explain it with some examples that weve learned in class. Another thing that I am going to express in this essay is my opinion about each ethic system that I will talk about. Virtue ethics is a system of ethics that emphasizes on the virtues or the moral character of the people. This means that it is based on what the person had done if he has done bad things then he has a bad moral character. Supposing that someone needs help then, someone that practices the virtue ethics will eventually help him if he is a good person, he would help him because in that case the person that is helping is doing charity or benevolence. Now Ill explain it with an example that Ive seen in the class of Mr. Stevens: Suppose that there is a train that is going to crash five people and if you turn the roads of the train u kill one person; suppose that person is good and the other five are bad persons with bad moral character so someone that practices virtue ethics will let the train to kill the five people. Virtue ethics is based on some features that are: -Its guiding question: What should I do? -Emphasis on character, not on individual actions. The goodness comes from the people that perform the act not vice versa, this means that the good people here is the one that performs the act. -It is based on the character of the person that you are helping if he is someone that has patience or benevolence he has virtues, and if he is someone that has cowardice or laziness, etc he has vices and he is not a virtuous person. -To have a virtue is to respond to some certain sorts of situations or circumstances in the appropriate way, for example: having courage in a difficult or dangerous situation. -Good people are virtuous and they dont have vices. It is important to remember that the virtue ethics were created by the Greek philosophers Aristotle and Plato. It was originated in the Greek Philosophy on that time. Deontology Deontology, also called deontological ethics, is a system of ethic that judges the morality (if its a good action or it is a bad action) of an action if the action is based on some rules or duties. So deontologists do their actions according to a rule or a duty that we can find in two main schools of deontology that are: Kant: As I have said before Deontology obeys rules and Inter Kant, that was a deontologist proposed three laws: Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. Act as though the maxim of your action were by your will to become a universal law of nature. Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only. This one was old, he was born on 1724 and died on 1804.There is other school of deontology and it is more modern that is the W.D.Ross (1877-1971) He says that the actions on deontology were judged according to some duties that he stated, that are: Duties stemming from ones own previous actions: 1. fidelity: duty to fulfill (explicit and implicit) promises/agreements into which one has entered 2. Reparation: duty to make up for wrongful acts previously done to others Duties stemming from the previous actions of others: 3. gratitude: duty to repay others for past favors done for oneself Duties stemming from the (possibility of) a mismatch between persons pleasure or happiness and their merit: 4. justice: duty to prevent or correct such a mismatch Duties stemming from the possibility of improving the conditions of others with respect to virtue, intelligence, or pleasure: 5. beneficence: duty to improve the conditions of others in these respects Duties stemming from the possibility of improving ones own condition with respect to virtue or intelligence: 6. self-improvement : duty to improve ones own condition in these respects Special duty to be distinguished from the duty of beneficence: 7. Non-maleficence: duty not to injure others So then according to the train example I have explained after in this essay a deontologist will let the 5 guys to die, even if they were bad persons. Ill explain it with a law that is the rule number 1 of Kant school. So a deontologist will let the 5 people to die because he follows rules, and in that case what will happen if all people would be doing an action to kill one people, the person that is doing the action is not killing him, but he is doing an action, there. My opinion about this ethic system, is that this ethics system is a good system because, it respects the life of everyone and the duties and laws are very good proposed because they let you make a good decision in which you would not feel guilty at the end.

Term Limits For Legislators Essay examples -- essays research papers

Term Limits For Legislators When the Constitution of the United States was adopted in 1789, it was without direction regarding term limits for legislators. At the time, professional politicians were unheard of, and the idea of someone serving for more than one or two terms was unlikely. So the Constitution did not formally address the issue of term limits, although it was understood that officeholders would limit themselves to one or two terms and then return to private life (1). With the advent of the modern state, however, came the making of Congress as a career, and thus the voluntary removal of oneself from office, as envisioned by the founders, is no longer regularly undertaken in the United States Congress. The structure of the Congress supports members who have held office for several terms thereby undermining the idea of the citizen-legislator put forth by the founders. Instead of citizens who will soon return to the community that elected them, professional Congress-people spend more time in Washington than in t heir home states, and usually make Congress their career. What has developed in recent years, in response to congressional careerism, is the drive to impose limits on the length of time someone may serve in Congress. Currently, advocates of term limits are calling for two terms in the Senate, and three in the House. It is possible, then, for a member to serve six years in the House, twelve years in the Senate, eight years as Vice President, and eight years as President, a total of thirty-six years. It is not unlikely, therefore, that there will continue to be career politicians. The issue is not about total time that one may participate in government, rather it is about how long one may serve in a particular capacity. Term limits enjoy popular, but not political, support, thereby polarizing the electorate and the elected. This paper will discuss the popular support for term limits, the arguments on both sides, and draw conclusions about the need for Congressional term limits in the United States Support for term limits encompasses close to three-quarters of the American population (2). The question is why. The simple answer is that the American people no longer trust a system they view as corrupt and biased towards the few. But the issue is really not this simple, nor is its basis of support. While on the surface it is corruption and bias... ...'s Path to a Representative Congress" U.S. Term Limits Foundation Outlook Series July, 1994 Vol.3 No.2 www.termlimits.org/index.shtml Fund, John H "Term Limitation: An Idea Whose Time Has Come" Policy Analysis No. 141 October 30, 1990 www.cato.org/pubs/pas/policyanalysis.html "Term Limits Excellent New Strategy" The Florida Times Union October 1, 1996 www.termlimits.org/index.shtml Jacob, Paul "Choosing Term Limits" The Washington Times August 7, 1996 www.termlimits.org Jacob, Paul "Whose Government is it Anyway?" www.termlimits.org/index.shtml Kolbe, John "Term Limits Sledgehammer" Phoenix Gazette June 7, 1996 www.termlimits.org Levine, Herbert M. Point-Counterpoint: Readings in American Government St. Martin's Press, New York. 1995 Nelson, Lars-Erik "A Very Special Class of Federal Employee" The Washington Post January 5, 1996 www.termlimits.org/index.shtml O'Connor, Karen and Larry J. Sabato American Government: Roots and Reform Allyn and Bacon, Massachusetts. 1996 Petracca, Mark "The Poison of Professional Politics" Policy Analysis No. 151 May 10, 1996 www.cato.org/pubs/pas/policyanalysis..html

Assesment 6 Practical Team Sport

BTEC SubsidiaryExtended Diploma In Sport QCF Level 3 Unit 8: Practical Sport (PT) Unit 22: Rules, Regulations and Officiating in Sport (R&R) Assessment 6 of 8 P1 Skills and techniques- Passing: the skill off passing is used when a player on the same team is giving the ball to another member, this is called passing and this is used to spread the play across the line of attack as the ball in tag rugby cannot be passed forward so generally the ball will be thrown sideways or backwards using the following technique.When the player feels that it is right they will look for a pass by doing this there head position will be looking to where they plan on the ball reaching and this is typically to the midriff of a player on their team so to perform this skill they will have their feet shoulder width apart so that they have balance but also they will have the ball in both hands so that they do not drop it when using the passing action which is having both hands either side of the ball bringing the ball back to create momentum and power and then bring it towards their target and releasing giving the force that is required for it to reach their team mate.Catching: This skill is when you are receiving a pass as you will have to catch the ball and to do this to make your teams play fluent and quick you must have a good technique on how to catch the ball.To have a good technique on catching the ball you must make sure your hands are clear and visible for your teammate to see that you are ready for the ball but then when the ball is heading in your direction you must make sure that your feet are shoulders width apart and that you have a solid base and you are balanced then make sure your hands are close to your chest so that if you happen to miss the ball it will rebound off your chest and will be easier to catch , before catching the ball your head and eyes must be looking at the irection of the ball so that you are ready then when successfully catching the ball look for optio n on whether to pass it on or make a run forwards. Intercepting: The skill of intercepting is used when you prevent the opposition’s team from making a pass and you catch it which then converts possession into your teams favour.The technique of this skill is identifying where the ball is going to go and getting your body position correct to quickly react and catch it before a player on their team does for example if you are about to go in for an interception you will need to keep eyes on the ball and make sure all your body is in line with the ball including your hands so that you can grasp it in mid-flight. After you have caught the ball there will usually be a gap in their defence so as soon as you catch it there will be the opportunity to run for the score zone.Blocking: This is a skill used again for preventing the opposition from retaining the ball and the technique for this is to get any body part in the way of the balls intended destination. The technique to doing this is to make your body as big as possible with the biggest surface area as possible. To do this you will need to stretch out every limb possible and direct them in the way that the ball is heading so that you can block it. Tactics: on1 defending: This is when your team is the defending team and every person on your team has a person to mark on their team and it is your job to mark them so within tag rugby you would be lined up in your defensive line opposite the person you will be marking, a good point to this is that everyone on their team will be marked however if the person you are marking gets passed you then there is very little cover to prevent them from scoring a try. on 1: This is a tactic used when there is a specifically good player on the oppositions team and it is used by 2 players marking the 1 player that is dangerous to their team and it is there job to mark and defend against this one player, an advantage of this is that it may prevent that one player from scoring how ever because two people are marking 1 player it will leave a player on the other team without someone marking them so it could expose their defence.Zonal defending: this is where the defending team do not mark a person instead they mark zones so for example within tag rugby there would be teammates marking the middle sections and wide sections off the pitch and it is their responsibility to make sure that no one gets past them in that area however this can be quite a hard tactic to implement as everyone in the team needs to be disciplined else gaps would open up in the defence leading to opportunities for the attacking team to score.Half court: This tactic is again one that you would use for defending and this is where your team will only defend half the pitch so when the other team has it in there half they will not pressure them and let them have the ball but then as soon as the ball comes into the defensive half there will be high pressure on the ball carriers and players around them to try and gain possession back and limit the amount of chances the team will get, However leaving the team with this amount of space gives them time to build up pace which could mean that the defending team may not be able to catch the attacking team. M1 Passing: